Ch.+34+by+Nancy+Schweda+Nicholson


 * Chapter 34 **
 * INTERPRETATION **

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The author of chapter is Nancy L. Schweda Nicholson. She speaks about interpretation and compares different attitudes to it. She also draws parallels between past and current research trends on interpretation. She emphasizes that past publications tended to focus on personal experiences, pedagogical frameworks that suggested training advice whereas in current publications the emphases is on interdisciplinary studies which include processing activities such as perception, memory, monitoring etc. Also there is an increasing interest in quantitative and qualitative data. ======

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There has also been noted a change in the field of authors. During the last century most of the research and writings were presented by French authors, whereas now the situation is completely different. Authors from different countries are included in the field. A good reason for this may be the development of the technology, the internet and more opportunities. ======

The chapter also states that the majority of today’s publications are in English and one of the interests for the publications and research is conference interpretation.

 * Conference interpretation **

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As conference interpretation is still considered an important area of investigation, a lot of authors express their ideas and try to investigate it from different angles. Some of them focus on the interpreter’s stress and role, others focus on its validity etc (Riccardi, Marinuzzi, and Zecchin 1998; Gubertini 1998; Ondelli 1998). =====


 * Simultaneous interpretation **

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SI is another topic of interest. A lot of researches have been carried out in the field. Several authors have investigated new things connected with the topic. One of them was Kurz whose primary aim was to confirm the right hemisphere involvement during language tasks in bilinguals. And her studies confirmed that (Kurz 1995). =====

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Some of the other authors suggest some good offers for speech preparation strategies, use of anticipation techniques in simultaneous interpretation (Messina 1998, Daro 1997). Some of them took error analysis in interpretation, concepts of probability prediction or deleterious effects of simultaneous interpreters working longer that the average as topics for research and came to interesting conclusions. =====


 * Consecutive interpretation (CI) **

==== While discussing CI, Falbo (1995) focuses on the relevance of such exercises as sight translation and memorization. Kellet (1995) focuses on the importance of speaking skills in CI and gather “extralinguistic data” (presentation techniques, etc.). ==== ==== Dam (1998) gives information about a study related to the SL and TL consecutive texts. The study aims to identify meaning-based vs. form-based interpretation. The results show that interpretations are more form-based than meaning-based. ====


 * TRAINING **

Lee (1999) proposes that many training programs pay attention to techniques that aim to develop “automatic processing capabilities”; thus they strengthen both prediction and anticipation skills.
==== I their study that focuses on speech errors, Tonelli and Riccardi (1995) revealed that phonological errors are noticed/identifies less commonly the ones that refer to morphology and lexis. The results give grounds to infer that subject ate more conscious while making at “deeper linguistic level” than at the “surface phonological level”. ==== Some linguists offer a text linguistic approach that will stress the importance of theme during speech. Torsello (1996) suggest a type exercise that will train the learners appropriately: - Stopping a video- or audiotape after introducing the theme or the thematic component and then having student predict the coming component basing on the context and information given before.

Translation students are process and people oriented; interpretation trainees are people and action oriented. ( Kurz et al. 1996)
**Research Questions, Frameworks, and Techniq ****ues **

There are many authors that give an overview of research areas .  Déjean le Féal (1998b) offers three issues in the interpretation field, which are the most widely debated ones: To give an answer to these debates Déjean le Féal suggests cooperation among practitioners and researchers to make a research in this field. Massaro and Shlesinger (1997) design a computational approach to the study of language processing focusing on simultaneous interpretation (SI). The study includes an examination of logical model of perception, top-down and bottom-up processing and some methodological challenges for SI researches.
 * 1) Does deverbalization exist?
 * 2) How does one choose interpreter trainees?
 * 3) Should SI into a B language be encouraged or frowned upon?

**Court Interpretation **

There are two debated issues in the court interpretation: telephone interpreting and team interpreting. Heh and Hu (1997) discuss the history of telephone interpreting and the data from survey that measures 1) Customer satisfaction and 2) job satisfaction among the Language Line interpreters. A new concept is presented in this article OPI (over-the-phone Interpretation). There is a fact that all extralinguistic and nonverbal cues present in face-to-face interaction are missing in an OPI situation. Team interpreting has been the norm in simultaneous conference interpretation. This kind of interpretation had a progress in establishing teams in the legal arena.

=A LOOK TO THE FUTURE=

==Dejean le Feal (1988a) describes the changing world of the conference interpreter from the perspective of differing employer requirements in the private and the institutional markets. In private market, companies look for a bilingual combination:the national language and English. Technological advances also have influence on interpreter's world.== ==Dejean le Feal (1988a) believes that in fifty tears the profession of conference interpreter will disappear as all the cofernces will be held in English, the language which everyone will know. In interpretation the trust factor is also very important. the person should trust you fully.== ==The question whether conference interpreters will be involved in court translation is also discussed. Conference interpreters who work in SI are permitted to render but court interpreter have to do very careful translation. This is also discussed from the financial perspective, and iti is said that SI are earning way too much compared to court interpreters.==